Scurte referiri la viata

Posted in Mica proza on iulie 22, 2010 by damianski

Ne gasim dese ori in situatii care par fara iesire, mai mult, chiar credem, si subliniez credem, ca sunt fara iesire. Avand in vedere scopul evolutionist pe care consider ca orice om il poseda, o astfel de situatie ,care se prezinta fara drumuri ocolitoare sau cine stie ce portite de evacuare , impinge la un comportament exagerat, la greseli repetate si incetosarea viziunii fata de telul individual, desi imaginea creeata in minte este ca toate aceste actiuni pe care vitejeste le facem pentru a putea indrepta intorsatura ce viata a luat-o,actiuni ce ajung pana la injosirea spiritului ,la pierderea demnitatii si a trasaturilor ce pana in acel moment ne-au creeat complexul de situatii favorabile si utile in scopul adevaratei dezvoltari.Dezvoltare, despre ce tip de dezvoltare vorbesc?Sociala, spirituala, psihologica? Referinta mea se face catre o dezvoltare globala, pentru ca a considera ca se poate trage de o linie fara sa le misti si pe celelalte consider a fi absurd. Inter-conexiunile dintre sistemele omenesti ce dirijeaza viata nu poate disparea sau nu pot fi abstractizate pentru un moment.

De ce apare aceasta iluzie, ce scop poate avea mintea pentru creerea unui astfel de film lipsit de solutii, film ce propulseaza emotiile la o cota foarte ridicata, si singurul lucru pe care il provoaca …este durere.Cred ca raspunsul se afla chiar in intrebare, mai precis in campul semantic al cuvantului film. Ce este un film, cel putin in acceptiunea folosita de mine? O pelicula a vietii cu un inceput si un sfarsit, un continut bogat, nu adevarat, in sensul in care adevarul este folosit in scopul dezvoltarii, o perioada in care omul nu doreste sa se lase in valul vietii ci se impotriveste ,numai ca a considera ca detinem puterea si energia pentru a combate forta cu care viata „loveste” inseamna a ne pozitiona gresit fata de Univers(Dumnezeu, Zeu, fie ce doriti) , sa ne consideram superiori, iar asta nu poate fi mai fals.De aceea spun ca filmul are un sfarsit,tocmai ca energia noastra nu poate rezista celei dezvoltate de Univers si atunci pelicula noastra sfarseste sfasiata, lasand in urma decat durere si suferinta provocata de neatingerea scopului „de moment” pe care mintea l-a setat, impreuna cu realizarea inconstienta a neputintei de care dam dovada. Spun neputinta, dar aceasta neputinta este doar raportata la alegerea impotriviri fata de viata. Atunci cand „valurile” noastre coincid ,ca directie, cu cele ale Universului, singurul efect este cresterea valului, grabirea procesului de evolutie si mai presus , armonizarea vietii noastre.Folosesc sensul figurat al valului tocmai pentru ca si in realitate fenomenul fizic este similar. Valul va creste doar atunci cand va aduna apa, atunci cand si alte particule o insotesc, la fel si in cazul bulgarului de zapada, si asa mai departe.Iar , forta pe care o vom dezvolta noi ,urmand cursul unic, pot sa presupun ,fara a ma insela, ca va fi mult superioara celeilalte. Am pornit de la intrebarea ce presupune aparitia acestei iluzii.Desi poate suna lipsit de convingere, consider din experienta mea si mult mai mult din experienta si cunostinele altora ca aceste filme sunt necesare si benefice, pana la un anumit nivel, pana in momentul in care frecventa de rezonanta a noastra fata de viata este comuna cu cea a Universului, moment in care cred ca si dorind astfel de filme nu mai isi pot face aparitia. Urmarind ideea de la inceput , si anume ca scopul uman este evolutia,impreuna cu dezbaterea din paragraful de mai sus, consider ca intr-un fel „ascuns” singuri creem aceste imagini despre viata , mai bine spus , inconsientul nostru le creeaza pentru ca el sesizeaza unde este o rana si atunci aduce in fata situatia care, daca este inteleasa, va duce la vindecarea rani, lucru atribuit acestei evolutii despre care tot vorbesc.

Vorbeam de curand cu cineva si incercam sa definim acest liber arbitru de care presupus beneficiem.Eu am ridicat problema urmatoare: Bun, exista un liber arbitru,dar in acelasi timp destinul nostru este unul fix. Cum poate exista libertate in ceva ce e definit deja?Asta presupunand ca apelam la conceptul existentei destinului, si a unui punct de final la care toti sunt predispusi sa ajunga.Dupa numeroase vorbe aruncate, singura concluzie la care eu am putut ajunge este ca de fapt liberul arbitru nu se refera la a-ti face destinul in felul in care doresti, ci la drumul pe care il alegi sa ajungi acolo. Daca avem doua puncte, numarul de drumuri intre ele este infinit,unul mai greu, altul mai usor,unul mai scurt, altul mai lung,astfel decizia ce ne apartine este pur si simplu alegerea gradului de dificultate a caii pe care sa o parcurgem spre punctul de final.Partea ce face acest liber arbitru foarte interesant, parte ce o consider contradictorie proverbului popular” ulciorul nu merge de multe ori la apa”este ca INDIFERENT de cate ori  luam o decizie care nu este in scopul avansari pe drumul nostru, viata creeaza asemenea strazilor suspendate, o spirala ce te intoarce iar si iar si iar la punctul unde ai dat gres in a trage concluzia corecta, concluzie ce are ca rol strict al usurari vietii noastre. Ironic nu? Constant ni se ofera oportunitatea de a „vindeca” o problema si aproape la fel de constant dam cu piciorul in prag, in loc sa calcam peste.O nota as dori sa fac, consider ca ulciorul va merge de cate ori va fi nevoie la apa, pana ne umplem „vasul ” ,DAR , de fiecare data va fi ori mai greu sa ducem ulciorul la apa, ori ne vom intoarce cu mai putina apa in ulcior.Pe scurt, de fiecare data cand nu trecem peste un obstacol, in modul corect evident, data viitoare cand v-a aparea  o sa fie o idee mai dificil sa pasuim inainte.

Cu fiecare pas pe care il fac in viata mea, ma indragostesc mai mult de complexitatea de care ea da dovada tocmai prin simplicitatea ordinii pe care o cere. Parafrazand, da-i vietii ce e al vietii, si cu siguranta tu vei primi ce este al tau.

Mai tarziu o sa dezvoltam mai mult tema asta si sa continuam si pe altele.

Doua zeci, dar ale tale

Posted in Poezii on iunie 2, 2010 by damianski

Doua zeci , dar ale tale, doua zeci ai petrecut.

Si-ntr-un secol si in altul , suflet scump.

Din bujori ai prins culoare,din mireseasma lor, odoare.

Te-ai scaldat in apa lor, deitatilor

Unde fiu de Peleus devenit-a zeu.

Mers-ai tu prin vai prea grele

Pentru un copil marunt

Drum ce alti nu-l pot duce,

Dus-ai tu mereu.

Doar un stalp din cei doi mari

A ramas sa te mai tina

Atunci cand  povara vieti asteapta …doar sa vina.

A venit  si te-a-ntalnit,

A-ncercat sa te doboare, s-a miscat , s-a agitat

Dar nimic…doar un simplu zguduit.

Prima zece, dur-a fost, dar nimic ce se compara

Cu o fiica de fecioara cu o piele catifea

Doar ce apa raului, a atins-o ea.

Si pe cat de tare, pe atat de gingasa, plina de ardoare

Firul fin de ponei plimbi, si captezi un moment plin

Vise si dorinte, encriptate-n codul antic

Cunoscut doar celor breji.

Au trecut,da, multe, multi…Stii prea bine, n-au ramas.

Doar odoarea lor patata ,fredoneaza-un cantec fals.

Divin, tot ce altii au primit.Putin, s-a intors din cuvenit.

Dar ca orice univers, vast si totusi plin de sens

Legile nu uita, cine-a dat, si cat a luat

Totul se intoarce, nimic nu sta si zace.

Totul e cu rost.

Un moment de neatentie, o clipita de vedere

Intalnita-ne-am noi, doi  muguri de bujori

Eu al tau, si tu cum vrei…

Nici balauri, dar nici zmei

Sa te ia , nu cred , nici ei.

Si de-oi vrea tu scumpa mea

Ani si ani sa ma mai ti

Atunci zeci ce vor urma, zeci de nemurire

Ele toate am sa-ncerc

Sa te-aduc in fire!

Doar iubire ti-am purtat , fiica de Eden

Chiar din clipa de vedere, mereu.

Doua zeci ai fost purtata, doar putin cu mine

Doua zeci am fost si eu, prea putin cu tine

Iti doresc sa vezi ce ai, Iti doresc o viata

Plina doar de flori din Rai

Si pe toate eu le-adun, ti le-aduc in fata

Un sarut  iti daruiesc

Tzuca mea mareata.

Doua zeci

Posted in Poezii on mai 18, 2010 by damianski

Ani si ani de doua zeci, ani si ani tot am mai mers

Pe pasunea dumnea-Lui,  doua zeci.

Prima zece-a fost o miere, a albinelor regale

Sfintii ani printre puieti,puri la suflet dar si breji

N-a facut decat sa-mi spuna ,Luna dupa Luna,

„Un deceniu te-am purtat,te-am trecut in noul veac

Un moment dintr-un abis , am trait si ne-am promis

Vine-acum  a doua zece sa te plimbe si sa plece”

Acum dus-a ea  pe veci

O imagine curata, un moment de paradis

Azi e  tot  ce-a mai ramas.

Dar in zecea de apoi, cand inca eram noi doi,

O secunda, ochi inchisi, o secunda, nu te-am prins…

Zece-a doua brusc ma trage! ca un tata-nfricosat

„Hai cu mine-ncetisor, aici nu e timp de stat,

Puisor brav de barbat”

Ma impinge de la spate, imi intoarce o privire

Si de mana ce-am pornit,  cu  un scop precis.

Inocenta a pierit, zbor acum un zbor smerit

Drum pavat cu amintiri, las in urma un deceniu

Si spartan inaintez prin padure de giganti

Radacini groase imi cresc, de pamant ma prind usor

Vine vremea despartirii si de zecea de apoi

M-a adus acum la vama, sarutat usor pe frunte

Si  putin imbarbatat, salutari si urari dulci

Ne spunem  noi, multumiri si dragi priviri

Si fugit-au doua zeci ca o raza de lumina

Vine sora cea de-a treia, vine repede ma ia

Sa ma duca pe taramuri, sa ma plimbe prin povesti

Sa ma-nvete mersul vremii, sa ma-nvete cum sa merg

Un deceniu nou deschis, pajiste din paradis

Pe-a ei iarba ma intind, si astept cu drag

Inc-un zbor prin coama vietii

Sa-l petrec deloc jilav.

Clipe…

Posted in Poezii on mai 9, 2010 by damianski

Ah! Voi clipe minunate ce-ati facut din dor extaz!

Arde gandul meu ce zboara, sunteti ultimul talaz.

Ah! Atingeri tandre, soapte, sunteti tot ce-a mai ramas,

E tarziu si luna fuge de-al iubitului prim-pas;

Te-am tinut o clipa-n brate, dansatorii unui vals,

Pentru inima-mi flamanda nurii tai au fost un fals?

Mi-amintesc de pielea-ti fina in al zorilor bland ceas,

Gustul fragilor si-al mierii l-am gustat avid, retras…

Oh! Atingerile tale mi-au deschis porti-paradis!

Fost-a clipa fermecata realitate sau un vis?

Timpul s-a oprit atunci, in clepsidra s-a ascuns

Cum gasit-am noi emotii ce erau de nepatruns…

Stau intins acum in patul unde tot era permis

Corpu-mi freamata amorul ce-am facut e interzis;

Tu mi-ai fost dintai o vampa, ce m-ai dus catre abis

Si-apoi raza mea de soare-a drumului spre paradis.

Poarta raiului sau iadul?Pentru-o clipa s-a deschis

Am sorbit avid nectarul, fost un zeu si-apoi proscris.

Esti extazul unei clipe! Poezie, eu te las…

Din iubirea mea pagana, doru-i tot ce mi-a ramas…

Sinner

Posted in Poezii on mai 8, 2010 by damianski

On the edge of darkness, few shall stay and measure

How abrupt the fall will be ,when the step becomes

Your last wish to see.

Far away you crossed your line, regardless of He’s wish

Far away you will be thrown ,further than you seek.

Is it now, when your own life passes through your eyes

See you not what you have done,

See you not your past?

Sinned a lot for your short age

Sinned without discretion

Now you stand in front of Him

Begging for forgiveness .

How could one be so embellished with the gift of God

And be then again so foolish, to deceive Him such.

It’s just now that you discover what a trip it was

Clueless life with ignorance for what one has

Clueless of your retched  manners, of your own despise

Prey you now for your own good, prey  for  a clear path

For the punishment that you deserve is Lucifer’s  wrath

Have you ended your own life, little would have mattered

But perceived the holy way ,God would see you at Him

Now stay locked by your own deeds,

Rise you’ll not again

Fall the abrupt cliff to hell!

Mar de om mar de caracter( da-le peporului)

Posted in Poezii on mai 8, 2010 by damianski

Sta in casa, pe fotoliu
Sta si tese ganduri stranii
Cum sa miste mai departe
Cum sa curga banii

Prostu nu e prost destul
Daca nu e si fudul
Zice vorba din popor
Auzita prin obor

As’ca vine el nitel
Sa-si mai toarne-un paharel
Sa-nteteasca mintea brici
Contempleaza: Ce tampiti…

Multumit de-realizare
Multumit c-o are mare
Increstat pe cerebel
Isi mai toarn-un paharel

Se ridica, nu se scoala
Priponit cu maini in poala
Si cu palma in barbie
Isi mai pune o-ntrebare,
Prost e multi si multi graieste
Mie pielea cin’plateste?

Isi raspunde la-ntrebare
Si-aminteste ca e mare
Multumit ca el le stie
Da si scrie pe hartie

„Acum vriu si io un ban
Pentru coi fi sio sultan
Si la mie si la suta
Tata mo batut co bruta
Si mio lua ultim de ban
So facut el mar sultan”

Pe panouri ce-o sa ajunga
Toti romanii o sa s-stranga
Si-o sa tipe-n gura mare
„DA-NE BANI !sa-ti fie tare, haoleo”

Plecat

Posted in Poezii on mai 5, 2010 by damianski

Am avut si eu un frate,am avut si el s-a dus

Am avut destine prinse, am avut…el a apus

Singur , spui tu?

Singur  nu-s, dar ai plecat, unde fugi tu ne-ncetat?

Unde pleci cu al meu suflet?

M-ai lasat nesarutat.

Si cand viata ti s-a scurs, spiritul ti-a fost condus

Catre drumul tau de veci,lang-al nostru Tata

Oare-n spate te-ai uitat?

Mama, tata ,frate, toti si toti nesarutati…

Si rugat tu nu m-ai luat ,chiar si lacrimi ce-am varsat

Neclintita ta decizie ,cruda, aspra…te-a curmat.

Fir de aur in clepsidra curge

Tot ce pot sa-mi spun e: “nu mai plange”.

Nu mai vi, stiu… si doare

Rabdare, venim noi.

Pan’ ce aur n-o mai fi, asteapta

Doar in vise Domnul mi te-arata

Doar visez ca vad un frate, plecat,nici-de-cum uitat!

Mana ta vreau a simti, doar o alinare am

Sufla-mi tu rece in spate, sufla-mi si sopteste-mi

“ Mergi tu frate inainte, si in spate raman eu”

Atunci viata am s-o traiesc pentru mine,pentru tine

Rasete ,suspine, toate trec dar tu ramai

Sa m-astepti…pe mine.

Trece timpul….

Posted in Mica proza on mai 5, 2010 by damianski


Si uite cum a trecut si luna aprilie si nu am scris nimic. Pentru cititorii mei,”Imi pare rau”. Nu am avut timp ,sau mai bine spus …dispozitie sa scriu. Acum in prag de sesiune pare cel mai prielnic moment pentru o inspiratie provenita din stresul examenelor tineretii mele.

Va multumesc ca ati asteptat, desi nu cred ca s-au oprit rotile din rotatia lor sau raurile au incetat a curge, asa e…din pacate sau fericire ; e relativa chestiunea,dar lumea merge , timpul trece si doar ma  rog sa imi mai tina carligul pe care cu greu l-am prins de mantia timpului. Moment cu moment el o spinteca si ma lasa mai in urma ,pana cand? Pana cand il arunci din nou si ciclul se repeta. Cred ca asta e  singurul raspuns adus dilemei propuse de scurgerea nisipoasa a timpului, si spun nisipoasa pentru ca sunetul pe care ea il face nu este asemenea apei: lin, armonios, linistitor; ci este unul aspru, pietros ce amprenteaza tot ce atinge, un zgomot rasunator ,zdranganitor .

Un nume…

Posted in Poezii on martie 19, 2010 by damianski


Si mai stai sa mai astepti ,doar o clipa?

Si mai vrei sa te indrepti, fara frica?

O sa mergi pe cai mai bune

Si doar doamne sa rasune,

Un nume…al tau.

Pot sa-mi cant eu cat doresc

Stiu  c-odata ce pasesc

Pe-ale vremi seci suspine

Doar un nume-o sa soptesc

Al tau.

M-ai lasat cand focul vine,agatat…

Sus pe puntea cerului,gol in fata gerului

Stand pe poale groase,pline si carnoase

Singur m-ai lasat…pentru un pacat

Tu.

Eu ca soare m-am vazut

Tu cenusa m-ai facut

Sa mai stau sa mai astept,

Sa-mi doresc sa ma indrept,

Eu?

Cand pe spate ai purtat

Greul lumii , greul tau,greul nostru

Am tipat, si suparat ,dar…

Tot cu drag eu ti l-am luat

Mereu…

Acum vine vremea mea

Sa imi car averea.

Unde esti tu scumpa mea?

Unde-i alinarea?

Nicaieri…

Ma scutur , ma si ridic,

Si cu hainele murdare si lipsit de alinare

Pasi muhmuri fac, fac…durere

Susotind un singur nume…

Al tau.

Filosofie-articol VI

Posted in FILOSOFIE GENERALA-extinsa in articole on martie 16, 2010 by damianski

For a mind which is interested in epistemology, it would be tempting to enquire into the contrivances and sophistries by means of which the anarchists manage to elicit a final product of this kind from science. One would no doubt be brought up against situations like the one involved in the familiar example of the Cretan who says that all Cretans are liars. But I am not desirous, nor am I capable, of going deeper into this. I will merely remark that the anarchistic theory only retains its remarkable air of superiority so long as it is concerned with opinions about abstract things; it breaks down the moment it comes in contact with practical life. Now the behaviour of men is guided by their opinions and knowledge, and the same scientific spirit which speculates about the structure of the atom or the origin of man is concerned in the building of a bridge that will bear its load. If it were really a matter of indifference what we believed, if there were no knowledge which was distinguished from among our opinions by the fact that it corresponds with reality, then we might just as well build our bridges of cardboard as of stone, or inject a tenth of a gram of morphia into a patient instead of a hundredth, or take tear-gas as a narcotic instead of ether. But the intellectual anarchists themselves would strongly repudiate such practical applications of their theory.

The other opposing <Ideology> is to be taken far more seriously, and in this case I very deeply regret the insufficiency of my knowledge. I dare say that you know more about this subject than I do and that you have long ago taken up your position for or against Marxism. The investigations of Karl Marx into the economic structure of society and into the influence of various forms of economic organisation upon all departments of human life have in our day acquired an authority that cannot be denied. How far they are right or wrong in detail, I naturally do not know. I gather that it is not easy even for better informed people to decide. Some of the propositions in Marx’s theory seem strange to me, such as that the evolution of forms of society is a process of natural history, or that the changes in social stratification proceed from one another in the manner of a dialectical process. I am by no means certain that I understand these statements rightly; moreover, they do not sound ‘materialistic’ but like traces of the obscure Hegelian philosophy under the influence of which Marx at one time passed. I do not know how I can throw off the view which I share with other laymen, who are inclined to trace back the formation of classes in society to the struggles which went on from the beginning of history between various human hordes. These hordes differed to a slight degree from one another; and it is my view that social differences go back to these original differences of tribe or race. Psychological factors, such as the amount of constitutional aggressiveness and also the degree of cohesion within the horde, and material factors, such as the possession of better weapons, decided the victory. When they came to live together in the same territory, the victors became the masters and the conquered the slaves. There is no sign in all this of natural laws or conceptual modifications; on the other hand, we cannot fail to recognise the influence which the progressive control over natural forces exerts on the social relationships between men, since men always place their newly won powers at the service of their aggressiveness, and use them against one another. The introduction of metals, of bronze and iron, put an end to whole cultural epochs and their social institutions. I really believe that gunpowder and fire-arms overthrew chivalry and the domination of the aristocracy, and that the Russian despotism was already doomed before the war was lost, since no amount of in-breeding among the ruling families of Europe could have produced a race of Tsars capable of withstanding the explosive force of dynamite.

It may be, indeed, that with the present economic crisis which followed upon the Great War we are merely paying the price of our latest triumph over Nature, the conquest of the air. This does not sound very convincing, but at least the first links in the chain of argument are clearly recognisable. The policy of England was based on the security guaranteed by the seas which encircle her coasts. The moment Blériot flew over the Channel in his aeroplane this protective isolation was broken through; and on the night on which, in a time of peace, a German Zeppelin made an experimental cruise over London, war against Germany became a certainty. Nor must the threat of submarines be forgotten in this connection.

I am almost ashamed of treating a theme of such importance and complexity in such a slight and inadequate manner, and I am also aware that I have not said anything that is new to you. I only wanted to call your attention to the fact that the factor of man’s control over Nature, from which he obtains his weapons for his struggle with his fellow-men, must of necessity also affect his economic arrangements. We seem to have travelled a long way from the problems of a <Ideology>, but we shall soon come back to the point. The strength of Marxism obviously does not lie in its view of history or in the prophecies about the future which it bases upon that view, but in its clear insight into the determining influence which is exerted by the economic conditions of man upon his intellectual, ethical and artistic reactions. A whole collection of correlations and causal sequences were thus discovered, which had hitherto been almost completely disregarded. But it cannot be assumed that economic motives are the only ones which determine the behaviour of men in society. The unquestionable fact that different individuals, races and nations behave differently under the same economic conditions in itself proves that the economic factor cannot be the sole determinant. It is quite impossible to understand how psychological factors can be overlooked where the reactions of living human beings are involved; for not only were such factors already concerned in the establishment of these economic conditions but even in obeying these conditions, men can do no more than set their original instinctual impulses in motion – their self-preservative instinct, their love of aggression, their need for love and their impulse to attain pleasure and avoid pain. In an earlier lecture we have emphasised the importance of the part played by the super-ego, which represents tradition and the ideals of the past, and which will resist for some time the pressure exerted by new economic situations. And, finally, we must not forget that the mass of mankind, subjected though they are to economic necessities, are borne on by a process of cultural development – some call it civilisation – which is no doubt influenced by all the other factors, but is equally certainly independent of them in its origin; it is comparable to an organic process, and is quite capable of itself having an effect upon the other factors. It displaces the aims of the instincts, and causes men to rebel against what has hitherto been tolerable; and, moreover, the progressive strengthening of the scientific spirit seems to be an essential part of it. If anyone were in a position to show in detail how these different factors – the general human instinctual disposition, its racial variations and its cultural modifications – behave under the influence of varying social organisation, professional activities and methods of subsistence, how these factors inhibit or aid one another – if, I say, anyone could show this, then he would not only have improved Marxism but would have made it into a true social science. For sociology, which deals with the behaviour of man in society, can be nothing other than applied psychology. Strictly speaking, indeed, there are only two sciences – psychology, pure and applied, and natural science.

When at last the far-reaching importance of economic conditions began to be realised, the temptation arose to bring about an alteration in them by means of revolutionary interference, instead of leaving the change to the course of historical development. Theoretical Marxism, as put into effect in Russian Bolshevism, has acquired the energy, the comprehensiveness and the exclusiveness of a <Ideology>, but at the same time it has acquired an almost uncanny resemblance to what it is opposing. Originally it was itself a part of science, and, in its realisation, was built up on science and technology, but it has nevertheless established a ban upon thought which is as inexorable as was formerly that of religion. All critical examination of the Marxist theory is forbidden, doubts of its validity are as vindictively punished as heresy once was by the Catholic Church. The works of Marx, as the source of revelation, have taken the place of the Bible and the Koran, although they are no freer from contradictions and obscurities than those earlier holy books.

And although practical Marxism has remorselessly swept away all idealistic systems and illusions, it has nevertheless developed illusions itself, which are no less dubious and unverifiable than their predecessors. It hopes, in the course of a few generations, so to alter men that they will be able to live together in the new order of society almost without friction, and that they will do their work voluntarily. In the meantime it moves elsewhere the instinctual barriers which are essential in any society, it directs outwards the aggressive tendencies which threaten every human community, and finds its support in the hostility of the poor against the rich, and of the hitherto powerless against the former holders of power. But such an alteration in human nature is very improbable. The enthusiasm with which the mob follow the Bolshevist lead at present, so long as the new order is incomplete and threatened from outside, gives no guarantee for the future, when it will be fully established and no longer in danger. In exactly the same way as religion, Bolshevism is obliged to compensate its believers for the sufferings and deprivations of the present life by promising them a better life hereafter, in which there will be no unsatisfied needs. It is true that this paradise is to be in this world; it will be established on earth, and will be inaugurated within a measurable time. But let us remember that the Jews, whose religion knows nothing of a life beyond the grave, also expected the coming of the Messiah here on earth, and that the Christian Middle Ages constantly believed that the Kingdom of God was at hand.

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